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second city

  • 1 Second City

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Second City

  • 2 Second City

    Одно из прозвищ г. Чикаго [ Chicago], шт. Иллинойс, связанное с тем, что длительное время он был вторым по численности населения городом США (после г. Нью-Йорка). После переписи населения 1980 уступил свое место г. Лос-Анджелесу, но прозвище сохранил

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Second City

  • 3 second city in Europe

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > second city in Europe

  • 4 the second city in Europe

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the second city in Europe

  • 5 ♦ second

    ♦ second /ˈsɛkənd/
    A a.
    1 secondo; altro; nuovo; novello; aggiuntivo; supplementare: the second house in the row, la seconda casa della fila; the second day of the week, il secondo giorno della settimana; This is the second longest river in the world, questo è il secondo fiume più lungo al mondo; I took a second helping, presi un'altra porzione; There has been no second Shakespeare, il mondo non ha avuto un altro Shakespeare; He thinks he is a second Solomon, crede d'essere un novello Salomone
    2 secondo; secondario; inferiore; di seconda qualità; subordinato: second cause, causa secondaria; He was second to none as a novelist, non fu secondo (o inferiore) a nessuno come romanziere
    B n.
    1 secondo ( in un elenco, classifica ecc.): You're the second to apply for the job, sei il secondo che ha chiesto il posto; My horse came in second, il mio cavallo arrivò secondo; She is ranked second in the world, è seconda nella classifica mondiale
    2 secondo (un 60В° di minuto): (fig.) Wait a second, aspetta un secondo!; aspetta un momento!
    3 ( nelle date): March 2nd, il 2 marzo
    4 (in GB) votazione buona, di secondo livello ( di una tesi di laurea)
    5 (mus.) seconda; intervallo di seconda
    6 [u] (autom., mecc.) seconda: He changed into second on the bend, ha messo la seconda in curva
    7 ( nelle corse) secondo posto: to take second, piazzarsi al secondo posto
    8 ( boxe) secondo: Seconds out!, fuori i secondi!
    9 (pl.) (fam., = factory seconds) merci di seconda scelta; articoli con piccoli difetti, venduti sottoprezzo
    10 (pl.) (fam.) un'altra porzione ( di cibo): to have seconds, fare il bis
    C avv.
    2 (seguito da un superl.) secondo; di riserva: the second-largest city in the world, la seconda città del mondo ( per grandezza); my second best pair of shoes, il mio paio di scarpe di riserva
    ● (polit.) second ballot, ballottaggio □ ( slang USA) second banana, spalla ( di un comico); (fig.) tirapiedi □ ( baseball) second base, seconda base ( la posizione) □ ( baseball) second baseman, seconda base ( il giocatore) □ second best, (sost.) seconda cosa ( in una scala di valori); soluzione (o sistemazione) di ripiego; (agg.) di seconda qualità (o categoria); ( d'indumento) di riserva: second best goods, merce di seconda qualità; to come off second-best, doversi accontentare del secondo posto □ (fin.) second bill of exchange, seconda di cambio □ (leg.) second-born child, secondo nato □ second-born daughter, secondogenita □ second-born son, secondogenito □ (leg., fin.) second call, seconda convocazione ( di un'assemblea, ecc.) □ (polit.) second chamber, Camera alta □ second childhood, la seconda infanzia; infantilismo senile; la senilità □ second class, (sost.) seconda classe ( di treno, ecc.); (in GB) servizio postale ordinario; (in USA) posta per le stampe; (avv.) in seconda classe, (in GB, rif. a posta) come plico ordinario; (in USA) come stampe: We travelled second class, abbiamo viaggiato in seconda (classe) □ second-class, (agg.) di seconda classe; di seconda categoria; inferiore; scadente; (in GB, rif. a posta) di posta ordinaria, ordinario: a second-class ticket, un biglietto di seconda classe; a second-class citizen, un cittadino di seconda classe; a second-class stamp, un francobollo di posta ordinaria □ (relig.) Second Coming, secondo avvento (di Cristo) □ second cousin, secondo cugino; cugino di secondo grado □ second cover, seconda di copertina ( di un libro, ecc.) □ second city, seconda città (per importanza, in uno stato o in una regione) □ (naut.) second deck, ponte di coperta □ second-degree, di secondo grado: (med.) second-degree burns, ustioni di secondo grado □ ( in un paesaggio, un quadro) second distance, secondo piano □ ( calcio, in GB) second division, seconda divisione; ( pressappoco) serie C □ (edil.) second floor, (in GB) secondo piano; (in USA) primo piano ( sopra il piano terreno) □ (autom.) second gear, seconda (marcia) □ ( calcio, ecc.) second goal, gol del raddoppio; raddoppio □ second-guesser, chi giudica col senno di poi □ ( calcio, ecc.) second half, secondo tempo, ripresa ( di una partita) □ the second hand, la lancetta dei secondi ( di un orologio) □ second-hand, di seconda mano, usato; che tratta articoli di seconda mano; di seconda mano, non originale: a second-hand car, un'auto di seconda mano; the market of second-hand goods, il mercato dell'usato; second-hand books, libri usati; second-hand opinions, opinioni non originali; I bought it second-hand, l'ho comprato di seconda mano; a second-hand shop, un negozio dell'usato; I got this information second-hand, ho avuto questa informazione di seconda mano □ (med.) second-hand smoke, fumo passivo □ second-in command, (mil.) comandante in seconda, vicecomandante; (naut.) secondo □ second-leg tie, partita eliminatoria di ritorno □ second lieutenant, (mil., in GB e in USA) sottotenente; (aeron. mil., in USA) sottotenente (cfr. ingl. Pilot Officer, sotto pilot) □ ( su un orologio) the second mark, il segno dei secondi □ (leg.) second mortgage, ipoteca di secondo grado □ second name, cognome; secondo nome □ second nature, seconda natura; abitudine inveterata (o radicata) □ (fin.) second of exchange, seconda di cambio □ (fam. USA) second off, in secondo luogo; inoltre □ (ind. tess.) second pieces, pezze di seconda scelta □ second-rate, di seconda qualità; mediocre, scadente: a second-rate novel, un romanzo scadente □ (fam.) second-rater, individuo mediocre; schiappa, mezza cartuccia (fam.) □ ( pallavolo) second referee, secondo arbitro □ ( rugby) second row, seconda linea □ ( rugby) second row forward, seconda linea ( il giocatore) □ ( basket) seconds rule infraction, infrazione della regola dei secondi □ ( tennis) second service (o serve), secondo servizio; seconda di servizio □ second shift, turno pomeridiano ( del personale) □ second sight, seconda vista; preveggenza □ ( USA) second-story man, ladro acrobata; gatto (fig. fam.) □ ( sport) second-string player, (giocatore di) riserva, seconda linea □ ( calcio) second-string striker, seconda punta □ second teeth, denti permanenti □ (fig.) second wind, forza ritrovata, nuova energia, novello vigore: He's got his second wind, ha ritrovato le forze □ to come in (o to finish) second, arrivare secondo ( in una gara) □ to come in a good second, arrivare buon secondo; arrivare a spalla (o a ruota) □ every second day [year], ogni due giorni [ogni due anni] □ in the second place, in secondo luogo □ to learn st. second-hand, venire a sapere in modo indiretto □ my second self, un altro me stesso; il mio alter ego □ on second thoughts ( USA on second thought), ripensandoci; dopo matura riflessione □ to play second fiddle, (mus.) fare da secondo violino; (fig.) avere una parte di secondaria importanza, essere in secondo piano □ ( sport e fig.) to run sb. a close second, seguire a ruota q.; essere di poco inferiore a q.
    (to) second (/ˈsɛkənd/, def. 4 /sɪˈkɒnd/)
    v. t.
    1 far da secondo (o da padrino) a (q., in un duello, ecc.); assistere
    2 assecondare; secondare; aiutare; appoggiare; sostenere: to second a motion [a resolution], appoggiare una mozione [una risoluzione]; Will you second me if I ask him?, mi sosterrai se glielo chiedo?
    3 essere secondo a; seguire ( nell'ordine)
    4 ( anche mil.) comandare; distaccare: He was seconded to headquarters, è stato distaccato presso il quartier generale

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ second

  • 6 second

    I [ʹsekənd] n
    1. секунда ( мера времени)
    2. секунда ( мера угла)
    3. мгновение, момент

    in a split second - моментально; ≅ моргнуть не успеешь

    wait a second!, half a second! - (подождите) минутку!

    to do smth. in a few seconds - моментально сделать что-л.

    I shall be ready in a second /in a few seconds/ - я буду готов сию минуту

    II
    1. [ʹsekənd] n
    1. 1) (the second) второе (число)
    2) второй (человек) (который что-л. делает)

    you are the second to ask me that - вы второй человек, который спрашивает меня об этом

    2. помощник

    to act as a most useful second - быть хорошим помощником во всём; ≅ быть (чьей-л.) правой рукой

    3. получивший вторую премию, второй приз и т. п.

    to come in a good second, to be a good second - прийти (к финишу) почти вместе с первым

    to come in a close second to X. - лишь ненамного отстать от X.

    4. 1) секундант ( на дуэли)
    2) секундант ( бокс)
    5. второй класс (какого-л. транспорта)
    6. обыкн. pl
    1) товар второго сорта; второсортная продукция
    2) мука грубого помола
    7. разг.
    1) вторая порция ( еды)
    2) второе (блюдо)
    8. авт. разг. вторая передача

    he shifted into second - он включил /перешёл на/ вторую скорость

    9. альпинист, идущий вторым ( в связке)
    10. муз.
    1) секунда ( интервал)

    major [minor] second - большая [малая] секунда

    2) втора
    11. унив. разг. степень бакалавра с отличием второго класса ( в Великобритании)

    ♢ second of exchange - фин. второй экземпляр переводного векселя, секунда

    2. [ʹsekənd] a
    1. второй (по счёту)

    second deck - вторая /амер. средняя/ палуба

    second raceme - бот. ветвь второго порядка

    second person - грам. второе лицо

    second conjugation - грам. второе спряжение

    2. 1) второй (по времени)

    the second person to swim the Channel - второй человек, переплывший Ла-Манш

    2) второй, дополнительный, добавочный

    second legs [wings] - вторая пара ног [крыльев] ( у насекомого)

    3) второй, повторный

    every second day [month, year] - каждый второй день [месяц, год]; через день [месяц, год]

    to do [to say] smth. a second time - делать [говорить] что-л. снова /второй раз/

    4) второстепенный, подчинённый

    to be second to the project - иметь второстепенное значение для данного проекта

    3. 1) другой, второй

    I want a second opinion - я хотел бы услышать другое /ещё одно/ мнение

    2) ещё один, подобный

    second self - второе «я»

    4. дополнительный; запасный, запасной

    second team - спорт. вторая команда

    5. 1) уступающий (в чём-л.)

    to be second to smb. in experience [in knowledge, in intelligence] - уступать кому-л. по опыту [по знаниям, по уму]

    to be second to smb. in precedence - по рангу идти вслед за кем-л.

    second in hardness only to the diamond - уступающий в твёрдости только алмазу

    in intelligence he is second to none - по уму с ним никто не сравнится, по уму он никому не уступит

    we are in a position second to none to... - наше положение в отношении... ни с чем не сравнимо

    second only to... - уступающий (в чём-л.) только...

    2) второсортный
    3) вспомогательный
    4) второй (по величине, значению и т. п.)

    second violin /fiddle/ - вторая скрипка ( в оркестре; см. тж. ♢)

    ♢ second name - а) амер. фамилия; б) второе имя ( данное при крещении)

    second line - воен. тыловая позиция; тыловая полоса

    to play second fiddle - играть вторую скрипку, быть на вторых ролях [см. тж. 5, 4)]

    second birth - а) второе рождение, возрождение; б) рел. духовное возрождение; в) рел. загробная жизнь

    second guess - ≅ задним умом крепок

    the second time of asking - церк. вторичное оглашение имён вступающих в брак

    3. [ʹsekənd] adv
    1) во-вторых
    2) вторым номером; во второй группе; вторым

    to come in /to finish/ second - прийти вторым, занять второе место (на скачках, в соревновании)

    4. [ʹsekənd] v
    1. выступать в поддержку (предложения, резолюции и т. п.)

    to second a motion [a proposal] - поддержать резолюцию [предложение]

    2. быть секундантом на дуэли или в боксе
    3. книжн. поддерживать; помогать

    to second smb.'s efforts - поддерживать чьи-л. усилия

    will you second me? - вы меня поддержите?

    to be seconded by smb. - получить поддержку с чьей-л. стороны

    II [sıʹkɒnd] v воен.
    временно откомандировывать

    to be seconded for service on the General Staff - быть откомандированным в ставку

    НБАРС > second

  • 7 second

    I 1. adjective
    zweit...; zweitwichtigst... [Stadt, Hafen usw.]

    second largest/highest — etc. zweitgrößt.../-höchst... usw.

    2. noun
    1) (unit of time or angle) Sekunde, die
    2) (coll.): (moment) Sekunde, die (ugs.)

    in a second — (immediately) sofort (ugs.); (very quickly) im Nu (ugs.)

    just a second! — (coll.) einen Moment!

    3) (additional person or thing)

    a second — noch einer/eine/eins

    4)

    the second — (in sequence) der/die/das zweite; (in rank) der/die/das Zweite

    be the second to arrive — als zweiter/zweite ankommen

    5) (in duel, boxing) Sekundant, der/Sekundantin, die
    6) in pl. (helping of food) zweite Portion; (second course) zweiter Gang
    7) (day)

    the second [of the month] — der Zweite [des Monats]

    8) in pl. (goods of second quality) Waren zweiter Wahl
    9) (Brit. Univ.) ≈ Gut, das; ≈ Zwei, die
    3. transitive verb
    (support) unterstützen [Antrag, Nominierung]

    I'll second that! — (coll.) dem schließe ich mich an!

    II transitive verb
    (transfer) vorübergehend versetzen
    * * *
    I 1. ['sekənd] adjective
    1) (next after, or following, the first in time, place etc: February is the second month of the year; She finished the race in second place.) zweit
    2) (additional or extra: a second house in the country.) Zweit-...
    3) (lesser in importance, quality etc: She's a member of the school's second swimming team.) geringer
    2. adverb
    (next after the first: He came second in the race.) zweit
    3. noun
    1) (a second person, thing etc: You're the second to arrive.) der/die/das Zweite
    2) (a person who supports and helps a person who is fighting in a boxing match etc.) der Sekundant
    4. verb
    (to agree with (something said by a previous speaker), especially to do so formally: He proposed the motion and I seconded it.) unterstützen
    - academic.ru/65270/secondary">secondary
    5. noun
    (a secondary school.) höhere Schule
    - seconder
    - secondly
    - secondary colours
    - secondary school
    - second-best
    - second-class
    - second-hand
    - second lieutenant
    - second-rate
    - second sight
    - second thoughts
    - at second hand
    - come off second best
    - every second week
    - month
    - second to none     II ['sekənd] noun
    1) (the sixtieth part of a minute: He ran the race in three minutes and forty-two seconds.) die Sekunde
    2) (a short time: I'll be there in a second.) der Augenblick
    * * *
    sec·ond1
    [ˈsekənd]
    I. adj inv
    1. usu attr (next after first) zweite(r, s)
    Brian's going first, who wants to be \second? Brian ist Erster, wer möchte der Nächste sein?
    the \second thing he did was [to] pour himself a whisky als Zweites hat er sich einen Whisky eingeschenkt
    would you like a \second cup of tea? möchten Sie noch eine Tasse Tee?
    \second derivative MATH zweite Ableitung
    the \second floor der zweite [o AM erste] Stock
    \second form BRIT siebte Klasse, die Siebte
    \second grade AM zweite Klasse, die Zweite
    the \second teeth die bleibenden [o zweiten] Zähne, das bleibende Gebiss fachspr
    the \second time around beim zweiten Mal
    every \second week jede zweite Woche, alle zwei Wochen; see also eighth I. 1
    2. (next after winner) zweite(r, s)
    \second prize zweiter Preis
    to take \second place ( fig) zweitrangig sein; see also eighth I. 2
    3. (not first in importance, size) zweit-
    Germany's \second city Deutschlands zweitwichtigste Stadt
    ▪ the \second... + superl der/die/das zweit-
    the \second biggest town die zweitgrößte Stadt
    to be \second only to sb/sth gleich nach jdm/etw kommen fam
    to be \second to none unübertroffen sein
    4. attr (another) zweite(r, s), Zweit-
    \second car Zweitwagen m
    \second language zweite Sprache
    to be a \second Mozart ein zweiter Mozart sein
    to give sb a \second chance jdm eine zweite [o noch eine] Chance geben
    to get a \second chance eine zweite Chance bekommen
    to be sb's \second home jds zweites Zuhause sein
    to ask for a \second opinion eine zweite Meinung einholen
    to have \second thoughts seine Meinung ändern, es sich dat noch einmal [o anders] überlegen
    without a \second thought ohne lange zu überlegen
    to do sth a \second time etw noch einmal tun
    5.
    ▶ to be \second nature to sb jdm in Fleisch und Blut übergegangen sein
    ▶ to play \second fiddle to sb in jds Schatten stehen
    ▶ to get one's \second wind neuen Aufschwung bekommen geh
    II. n
    1. (order)
    ▪ the \second der/die/das Zweite
    to come a poor \second to sb/sth erst an zweiter Stelle nach jdm/etw kommen; see also eighth II. 1
    2. (date)
    ▪ the \second der Zweite; see also eighth II. 2
    Henry the S\second spoken Heinrich der Zweite
    Henry II written Heinrich II.
    4. BRIT UNIV ≈ Zwei f, ≈ Zweier m ÖSTERR, ≈ Fünf m SCHWEIZ die mittlere Note bei Abschlussprüfungen
    an upper/a lower \second eine Zwei [o SCHWEIZ Fünf] plus/minus, ein guter/schlechter Zweier ÖSTERR
    5. no pl AUTO zweiter Gang
    to change [down] to [or into] \second in den zweiten Gang [o fam Zweiten] [runter]schalten
    6. (extra helping)
    ▪ \seconds pl Nachschlag m kein pl
    are there \seconds, by any chance? kann ich noch eine Portion [o fam etwas] haben?
    ▪ \seconds pl Nachtisch m kein pl, Dessert nt SCHWEIZ geh, ÖSTERR bes Nachspeise f
    what's for \seconds? was gibt's zum Nachtisch?
    8. (imperfect item) Ware f zweiter Wahl
    9. (assistant in boxing or duel) Sekundant(in) m(f)
    \seconds out [or away] — round two Ring frei — zweite Runde
    10. (in ballet) zweite [Tanz]position
    11. (in baseball) zweite Base
    12. (musical interval) Sekunde f
    major/minor \second große/kleine Sekunde
    13. (seconder) of a motion Befürworter(in) m(f)
    III. adv inv
    1. (secondly) zweitens
    2. (in second class)
    to travel \second zweiter Klasse fahren/fliegen/reisen
    IV. vt
    1. (support formally in debate)
    ▪ to \second sth proposal etw unterstützen [o befürworten]
    I'll \second that ( fam) ganz meine Meinung
    2. ( form: back up)
    ▪ to \second sth action etw unterstützen
    to \second a motion LAW einen Antrag unterstützen [o befürworten
    3. ECON
    ▪ to \second sb jdn abstellen, jdn zeitweilig versetzen
    4. LAW, POL
    to \second a candidate einen Kandidat/eine Kandidatin unterstützen [o befürworten]
    sec·ond2
    [ˈsekənd]
    n
    1. (sixtieth of a minute) Sekunde f
    with [only] \seconds to spare in [aller]letzter Sekunde
    2. (very short time) Sekunde f, Augenblick m
    just a \second! [einen] Augenblick!
    you go on, I'll only be a \second geh du weiter, ich komme gleich nach
    if I could have your attention for a \second or two dürfte ich für einen Augenblick um Ihre Aufmerksamkeit bitten
    a couple of [or a few] \seconds ein paar Sekunden fam
    for a split \second [or a fraction of a \second] für einen Bruchteil einer Sekunde
    to do sth in \seconds etw in Sekundenschnelle machen
    3. MATH Sekunde f
    se·cond3
    [sɪˈkɒnd]
    vt usu passive BRIT, AUS
    ▪ to be \seconded abgestellt werden; officer abkommandiert werden
    * * *
    I ['sekənd]
    1. adj
    zweite(r, s)

    the second floor (Brit) — der zweite Stock; (US)

    every second day/Thursday — jeden zweiten Tag/Donnerstag

    to be second — Zweite(r, s) sein

    to be second only to sb/sth — nur von jdm/etw übertroffen werden

    in second place (Sport etc) — an zweiter Stelle

    to be or lie in second place — auf dem zweiten Platz sein or liegen

    to finish in second place — den zweiten Platz belegen

    or line (US) — der/die Zweite in der Schlange sein

    to be second in command (Mil) — stellvertretender Kommandeur sein; (fig)

    second violin second tenor the second teeth — zweite Geige zweiter Tenor die zweiten or bleibenden Zähne, das bleibende Gebiss

    I won't tell you a second time — ich sage dir das kein zweites Mal

    second time around —

    See:
    → fiddle, wind
    2. adv
    1) (+adj) zweit-; (+vb) an zweiter Stelle

    the second most common question — die zweithäufigste Frage, die am zweithäufigsten gestellte Frage

    to come/lie second (in race, competition) — Zweite(r) werden/sein

    2) (= secondly) zweitens
    3. vt
    motion, proposal unterstützen

    I'll second that! (at meeting) — ich unterstütze das; (in general) (genau) meine Meinung

    4. n
    1) (OF TIME, MATH, SCI) Sekunde f; (inf = short time) Augenblick m

    I'll only be a second (or two) — ich komme gleich

    2)

    the second (in order) — der/die/das Zweite; (in race, class etc) der/die Zweite

    to come a poor/good second — einen schlechten/guten zweiten Platz belegen

    to come a poor second to sb/sth —

    3) (AUT)

    second ( gear) — der zweite Gang

    to put a/the car into second — den zweiten Gang einlegen

    to drive in second — im zweiten Gang or im Zweiten fahren

    4) (MUS: interval) Sekunde f
    5) (Brit UNIV = degree) mittlere Noten bei Abschlussprüfungen

    he got an upper/a lower second — ≈ er hat mit Eins bis Zwei/Zwei bis Drei abgeschnitten

    6) (SPORT in duel) Sekundant m
    7) pl (inf: second helping) Nachschlag m (inf)
    8) (COMM)
    II [sɪ'kɒnd] abordnen, abstellen
    * * *
    second1 [ˈsekənd]
    A adj (adv → secondly)
    1. zweit(er, e, es):
    at second hand aus zweiter Hand;
    second in height zweithöchst(er, e, es);
    a second time noch einmal;
    every second day jeden zweiten Tag, alle zwei Tage;
    second language Zweitsprache f;
    second teeth zweite Zähne;
    a second Conan Doyle fig ein zweiter Conan Doyle;
    it has become second nature with ( oder for) him es ist ihm zur zweiten Natur geworden oder in Fleisch und Blut übergegangen;
    it has become second nature for me to get up at six ich stehe ganz automatisch um sechs auf;
    a) zweitens,
    b) in zweiter Linie;
    a) SPORT etc den zweiten Platz belegen,
    b) weniger wichtig sein (to als),
    c) auch go into second place zweitrangig oder nebensächlich werden;
    everything else had to go into second place alles andere musste zurückstehen oder -treten (to hinter dat); → helping B 2, self A 1, sight A 1, thought1 3, wind1 A 7
    2. zweit(er, e, es):
    a) ander(er, e, es), nächst(er, e, es)
    b) zweitklassig, -rangig, untergeordnet (to dat):
    second cabin Kabine f zweiter Klasse;
    second lieutenant MIL Leutnant m;
    second to none unerreicht;
    he is second to none er ist unübertroffen; → fiddle A 1
    B s
    1. (der, die, das) Zweite
    2. (der, die, das) Nächste oder Untergeordnete oder (Nach)Folgende: → second-in-command
    3. SPORT etc Zweite(r) m/f(m), zweite(r) Sieger(in):
    be a good second nur knapp geschlagen werden
    4. Sekundant m (beim Duell oder Boxen):
    seconds out (Boxen) Ring frei!
    5. Helfer(in), Beistand m
    6. AUTO (der) zweite Gang
    7. MUS zweite Stimme, Begleitstimme f
    8. pl WIRTSCH Ware(n) f(pl) zweiter Qualität oder Wahl, zweite Wahl
    9. UNIV Br → second class 2
    10. umg BAHN (die) zweite Klasse
    11. second of exchange WIRTSCH Sekundawechsel m
    12. pl umg Nachschlag m (zweite Portion)
    C adv als Zweit(er, e, es), zweitens, an zweiter Stelle:
    come in ( oder finish) second als Zweiter durchs Ziel gehen, Zweiter werden;
    come second fig (erst) an zweiter Stelle kommen
    D v/t
    1. jemanden, einen Antrag etc unterstützen, jemandem beistehen
    2. jemandem (beim Duell, Boxen) sekundieren (auch fig)
    second2 [ˈsekənd] s
    1. Sekunde f (Zeiteinheit, auch MUS):
    in seconds in Sekundenschnelle
    2. fig Sekunde f, Augenblick m, Moment m:
    wait a second!
    3. MATH (Bogen) Sekunde f
    second3 [sıˈkɒnd] v/t Br
    a) einen Offizier etc abstellen, abkommandieren
    b) einen Beamten etc ( besonders zeitweilig) versetzen ( alle:
    from von;
    to nach, in akk)
    s. abk
    1. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    3. see s.
    5. set
    6. HIST Br shilling ( shillings pl)
    7. sign
    8. signed gez.
    9. singular Sg.
    10. son
    sec. abk
    1. MATH secant
    2. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    zweit...; zweitwichtigst... [Stadt, Hafen usw.]

    second largest/highest — etc. zweitgrößt.../-höchst... usw.

    2. noun
    1) (unit of time or angle) Sekunde, die
    2) (coll.): (moment) Sekunde, die (ugs.)

    in a second — (immediately) sofort (ugs.); (very quickly) im Nu (ugs.)

    just a second! — (coll.) einen Moment!

    3) (additional person or thing)

    a second — noch einer/eine/eins

    4)

    the second — (in sequence) der/die/das zweite; (in rank) der/die/das Zweite

    be the second to arrive — als zweiter/zweite ankommen

    5) (in duel, boxing) Sekundant, der/Sekundantin, die
    6) in pl. (helping of food) zweite Portion; (second course) zweiter Gang

    the second [of the month] — der Zweite [des Monats]

    8) in pl. (goods of second quality) Waren zweiter Wahl
    9) (Brit. Univ.) ≈ Gut, das; ≈ Zwei, die
    3. transitive verb
    (support) unterstützen [Antrag, Nominierung]

    I'll second that! — (coll.) dem schließe ich mich an!

    II transitive verb
    (transfer) vorübergehend versetzen
    * * *
    adj.
    zweit adj. n.
    Sekunde -n f. v.
    helfen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: half, geholfen)
    unterstützen v.

    English-german dictionary > second

  • 8 second

    I.
       a. (one of many) deuxième ; (one of two) second
    • to be second in the queue être le (or la) deuxième dans la queue
    • for the or a second time pour la deuxième fois
    • San Francisco is second only to New York as the tourist capital of the States San Francisco se place tout de suite après New York comme capitale touristique des États-Unis ;  → sixth
       b. ( = additional) deuxième
       c. ( = another) second
       a. (one of many) deuxième ; (one of two) second
    • to come second (in poll, league table, race, election) arriver deuxième (or second)
       b. ( = secondly) deuxièmement
    3. noun
       a. deuxième mf, second (e) m(f)
    • he came a good or close second il a été battu de justesse
       b. (Boxing) soigneur m
       c. (British University) ≈ licence f avec mention
    • he got an upper/a lower second ≈ il a eu sa licence avec mention bien/assez bien
       d. also second gear seconde f
       a. ( = imperfect goods) articles mpl de second choix
       b. ( = second helping) (inf) rab (inf !) m
       a. [+ motion] appuyer ; [+ speaker] appuyer la motion de
       b. (British) [+ employee] détacher
    • second-class citizen citoyen (ne) m(f) de deuxième ordre
    • second-class degree (University) ≈ licence f avec mention
    [+ sb's reaction] essayer d'anticiper
    ► a second opinion noun l'avis m de quelqu'un d'autre ; (from doctor, lawyer) un deuxième avis
    • the second person singular/plural la deuxième personne du singulier/du pluriel ► second-rate adjective [goods] de qualité inférieure ; [work] médiocre ; [writer] de seconde zone
    • not to give sb/sth a second thought ne plus penser à qn/qch
    • on second thoughts or thought (British, US) réflexion faite
    • to have second thoughts about doing sth ( = be doubtful) se demander si l'on doit faire qch ; ( = change mind) changer d'avis et décider de ne pas faire qch ► second wind noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✦ L'accent de l'anglais second tombe sur la première syllabe: ˈsekənd, sauf lorsqu'il s'agit du verbe dans le sens de détacher, qui se prononce sɪˈkɒnd, avec l'accent sur la seconde syllabe.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    II.
    second2 [ˈsekənd]
    • just a second! une seconde !
    * * *
    1. ['sekənd]
    1) ( unit of time) also Music, Mathematics, Physics seconde f; ( instant) instant m
    2) ( ordinal number) deuxième mf, second/-e m/f

    X was the most popular in the survey, but Y came a close second — dans le sondage X était le plus populaire mais Y suivait de près

    he came a poor second — il est arrivé deuxième, mais loin derrière le premier

    3) ( date)
    4) GB University

    upper/lower second — ≈ licence f avec mention bien/assez bien

    5) (also second gear) Automobile deuxième f, seconde f
    6) ( defective article) article m qui a un défaut
    7) ( in boxing) soigneur m; ( in duel) témoin m
    2.
    (colloq) seconds ['sekəndz] plural noun rab (colloq) m
    3. ['sekənd]
    adjective deuxième, second

    to have ou take a second helping (of something) — reprendre (de quelque chose)

    to ask for a second opinion — ( from doctor) demander l'opinion d'un autre médecin

    4. ['sekənd]
    1) ( in second place) deuxième

    to come ou finish second — (in race, competition) arriver deuxième

    2) (also secondly) deuxièmement
    5.
    1) ['sekənd] appuyer [motion, proposal]
    2) [sɪ'kɒnd] Military, Commerce détacher ( from de; to à)
    ••

    English-French dictionary > second

  • 9 second

    sec·ond
    1. sec·ond [ʼsekənd] adj
    1) usu attr ( next after first) zweite(r, s);
    Brian's going first, who wants to be \second? Brian ist Erster, wer möchte der Nächste sein?;
    he was the \second person to qualify er hat sich als Zweiter qualifiziert;
    the \second time das zweite Mal;
    the \second week of August die zweite Augustwoche;
    every \second week jede zweite Woche, alle zwei Wochen
    2) ( next after winner) zweite(r, s);
    to be/ come [or finish] \second Zweite(r) sein/werden;
    \second place zweiter Platz;
    to be in \second place auf Platz zwei sein;
    \second prize zweiter Preis;
    to take \second place ( fig) zweitrangig sein
    3) (not first in importance, size) zweit-;
    Germany's \second city Deutschlands zweitwichtigste Stadt;
    the \second... + superl der/die/das zweit-;
    the \second biggest town die zweitgrößte Stadt;
    to be \second only to sb/ sth gleich nach jdm/etw kommen ( fam)
    to be \second to none unübertroffen sein
    4) attr ( another) zweite(r, s), Zweit-;
    \second car Zweitwagen m;
    \second language zweite Sprache;
    to be a \second Mozart ein zweiter Mozart sein;
    to give sb a \second chance jdm eine zweite [o noch eine] Chance geben;
    to get a \second chance eine zweite Chance bekommen;
    to be sb's \second home jds zweites Zuhause sein;
    to ask for a \second opinion eine zweite Meinung einholen;
    to have \second thoughts seine Meinung ändern, es sich dat noch einmal [o anders] überlegen;
    without a \second thought ohne lange zu überlegen;
    to do sth a \second time etw noch einmal tun
    PHRASES:
    to play \second fiddle to sb in jds Schatten stehen;
    to be \second nature to sb jdm in Fleisch und Blut übergegangen sein;
    to get one's \second wind neuen Aufschwung bekommen ( geh) n
    1) ( Brit) univ ≈ Zwei f;
    an upper/a lower \second eine Zwei plus/minus
    2) no pl auto zweiter Gang;
    to change [down] to [or into] \second in den zweiten Gang [runter]schalten
    \seconds pl Nachschlag m kein pl;
    are there \seconds, by any chance? kann ich noch eine Portion [o ( fam) etwas] haben?
    4) ( Brit) (fam: dessert)
    \seconds pl Nachtisch m kein pl;
    what's for \seconds? was gibt's zum Nachtisch?
    5) ( imperfect item) Ware f zweiter Wahl
    6) ( assistant in boxing or duel) Sekundant(in) m(f);
    \seconds out [or away] - round two Ring frei - zweite Runde
    7) ( musical interval) Sekunde f;
    major/minor \second große/kleine Sekunde
    8) ( seconder) of a motion Befürworter(in) m(f) adv
    inv zweitens vt
    to \second sth proposal etw unterstützen [o befürworten];
    I'll \second that ( fam) ganz meine Meinung
    2) (form: back up)
    to \second sth action etw unterstützen
    2. sec·ond [ʼsekənd] n
    1) ( sixtieth of a minute) Sekunde f;
    with [only] \seconds to spare in [aller]letzter Sekunde
    2) ( very short time) Sekunde f, Augenblick m;
    you go on, I'll only be a \second geh du weiter, ich komme gleich nach;
    if I could have your attention for a \second or two dürfte ich für einen Augenblick um Ihre Aufmerksamkeit bitten;
    a couple of [or a few] \seconds ein paar Sekunden ( fam)
    for a split \second [or a fraction of a \second] für einen Bruchteil einer Sekunde;
    to do sth in \seconds etw in Sekundenschnelle machen
    3) math Sekunde f
    3. sec·ond [sɪʼkɒnd] vt
    usu passive (Brit, Aus)
    to be \seconded abgestellt werden; officer abkommandiert werden

    English-German students dictionary > second

  • 10 second

    I
    1. 'sekənd adjective
    1) (next after, or following, the first in time, place etc: February is the second month of the year; She finished the race in second place.) segundo
    2) (additional or extra: a second house in the country.) segundo
    3) (lesser in importance, quality etc: She's a member of the school's second swimming team.) segundo

    2. adverb
    (next after the first: He came second in the race.) segundo

    3. noun
    1) (a second person, thing etc: You're the second to arrive.) segundo
    2) (a person who supports and helps a person who is fighting in a boxing match etc.) segundo, cuidador

    4. verb
    (to agree with (something said by a previous speaker), especially to do so formally: He proposed the motion and I seconded it.) apoyar, secundar

    5. noun
    (a secondary school.) escuela de secundaria
    - secondly
    - secondary colours
    - secondary school
    - second-best
    - second-class
    - second-hand
    - second lieutenant
    - second-rate
    - second sight
    - second thoughts
    - at second hand
    - come off second best
    - every second week
    - month
    - second to none
    II 'sekənd noun
    1) (the sixtieth part of a minute: He ran the race in three minutes and forty-two seconds.) segundo
    2) (a short time: I'll be there in a second.) segundo, instante
    second1 adj segundo
    second2 n segundo
    tr['sekənd]
    1 (gen) segundo,-a; (another) otro,-a
    ■ every second day/week/month/year cada dos días/semanas/meses/años
    1 segundo,-a
    1 (in series) segundo,-a
    2 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (degree) ≈ notable nombre masculino
    3 SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL (gear) segunda
    4 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (boxing) segundo, mánager nombre masculino, cuidador nombre masculino
    5 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL segunda
    1 segundo, en segundo lugar
    ■ he came second llegó segundo, quedó en segundo lugar
    1 (motion, proposal) apoyar, secundar
    2 familiar (agree) estar de acuerdo con
    1 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL artículos nombre masculino plural con tara, artículos nombre masculino plural defectuosos
    1 (food) segunda ración nombre femenino
    ■ who wants seconds? ¿quién quiere repetir?
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    on second thoughts pensándolo bien
    to be second nature to somebody serle completamente natural a alguien
    ■ don't worry, it'll soon become second nature to you no te preocupes, pronto te parecerá una cosa muy natural
    to be second to none no tener igual
    to have a second string to one's bow tener otra alternativa
    to have second thoughts (about something) entrarle dudas a uno (sobre algo), cambiar de idea (sobre algo)
    to play second fiddle ser segundón,-ona, desempeñar un papel secundario
    second class segunda clase
    Second Coming Segundo Advenimiento
    second floor SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL segundo piso 2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL primer piso
    second generation segunda generación nombre femenino
    second half segundo tiempo
    second language segundo idioma
    second name apellido
    second person segunda persona
    second sight clarividencia
    Second World War Segunda Guerra Mundial Table 1SMALLNOTA/SMALL See also sixth/Table 1
    ————————
    tr['sekənd]
    1 (time) segundo
    ■ Christie's time was 9.9 seconds Christie hizo un tiempo de 9,9 segundos
    2 familiar momento, momentito
    ■ have you got a second? ¿tienes un momento?
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    ————————
    tr[sɪ'kɒnd]
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL trasladar temporalmente
    second ['sɛkənd] vt
    : secundar, apoyar (una moción)
    second or secondly ['sɛkəndli] adv
    : en segundo lugar
    second adj
    : segundo
    1) : segundo m, -da f (en una serie)
    2) : segundo m, segunda parte f
    3) : segundo m, ayudante m (en deportes)
    4) moment: segundo m, momento m
    adj.
    • segunda adj.
    • segundo, -a adj.
    adv.
    • en segundo lugar adv.
    n.
    • dos s.m.
    • segunda s.f.
    • segundante s.m.
    • segundo s.m. (In a duel)
    v.
    • apadrinar v.
    v.
    • secundar v.

    I 'sekənd
    1)

    to give somebody a second chance — darle* a alguien otra oportunidad

    every second Tuesday/week — cada dos martes/semanas, martes/semana por medio (CS, Per)

    b) (in seniority, standing) segundo

    II
    a) (in position, time, order) en segundo lugar

    work comes second, family first — la familia está antes que el trabajo

    b) ( secondly) en segundo lugar

    III
    1)
    a) ( of time) segundo m; (before n)
    b) ( moment) segundo m

    it doesn't take a second — no lleva ni un segundo, es cosa de un segundo

    2)
    a) second (gear) ( Auto) (no art) segunda f

    he finished a good/poor second — quedó en un honroso/deslucido segundo lugar

    c) (BrE Educ)

    upper/lower second — segunda y tercera nota de la escala de calificaciones de un título universitario

    3) (in boxing, wrestling) segundo m; ( in dueling) padrino m
    4) ( substandard product) artículo m con defectos de fábrica
    5) seconds pl ( second helping) (colloq)

    to have seconds — repetir*, repetirse* (Chi)


    IV
    1) ( support) \<\<motion/candidate\>\> secundar

    I ['sekǝnd]
    1. ADJ
    1) (gen) segundo

    they have a second home in Oxford — tienen otra casa en Oxford, en Oxford tienen una segunda vivienda

    will you have a second cup? — ¿quieres otra taza?

    • give him a second chance — dale otra oportunidad

    • in second gear — (Aut) en segunda (velocidad)

    • it's second nature to her — lo hace sin pensar

    for some of us swimming is not second nature — para muchos de nosotros nadar no es algo que nos salga hacer de forma natural

    • to ask for a second opinion — pedir una segunda opinión

    • to be/lie in second place — estar/encontrarse en segundo lugar or segunda posición

    • to have second sight — tener clarividencia, ser clarividente

    • Charles the Second — (spoken form) Carlos Segundo; (written form) Carlos II

    • without a or with hardly a second thought — sin pensarlo dos veces

    to have second thoughts (about sth/about doing sth) — tener sus dudas (sobre algo/si hacer algo)

    on second thoughts... — pensándolo bien...

    • for the second time — por segunda vez

    • to be second to none — no tener rival, ser inigualable

    Bath is second only to Glasgow as a tourist attraction — Bath es la atracción turística más popular aparte de Glasgow, solo Glasgow gana en popularidad a Bath como atracción turística

    • to get one's second wind — conseguir recobrar fuerzas

    floor 1.
    2) (Mus) segundo
    fiddle 1., 1)
    2. ADV
    1) (in race, competition, election) en segundo lugar

    • to come/ finish second — quedar/llegar en segundo lugar or segunda posición

    2) (=secondly) segundo, en segundo lugar

    the second largest fish — el segundo pez en tamaño, el segundo mayor pez

    3. N
    1) (in race, competition)

    • he came a good/ poor second — quedó segundo a poca/gran distancia del vencedor

    studying for his exams comes a poor second to playing football — prepararse los exámenes no tiene ni de lejos la importancia que tiene jugar al fútbol

    I feel I come a poor second in my husband's affections to our baby daughter — tengo la sensación de que mi marido vuelca todo su cariño en la pequeña y a mí me tiene olvidada

    close
    2) (Aut) segunda velocidad f

    • in second — en segunda (velocidad)

    3) (=assistant) (in boxing) segundo m, cuidador m ; (in duel) padrino m

    seconds out! — ¡segundos fuera!

    4) (Brit)
    (Univ)

    • Lower/ Upper Second — calificación que ocupa el tercer/segundo lugar en la escala de las que se otorgan con un título universitario

    See:
    5) seconds
    a) (Comm) artículos mpl con defecto de fábrica

    • these dresses are slight seconds — estos vestidos tienen pequeños defectos de fábrica

    b) (Culin)

    will you have seconds? — ¿quieres más?

    4. VT
    1) [+ motion, speaker, nomination] apoyar, secundar

    I'll second that * — lo mismo digo yo, estoy completamente de acuerdo

    2) [sɪ'kɒnd]
    [+ employee] trasladar temporalmente; [+ civil servant] enviar en comisión de servicios (Sp)
    5.
    CPD

    second chamber N — [of parliament] cámara f alta

    the Second Coming N — (Rel) el segundo Advenimiento

    second form N — curso de secundaria para alumnos de entre 12 y 13 años

    second half N — (Sport) segundo tiempo m, segunda parte f ; (Econ) segundo semestre m (del año económico)

    second house N — (Theat) segunda función f

    second lieutenant N — (in army) alférez mf, subteniente mf

    second mate, second officer N — (in Merchant Navy) segundo m de a bordo

    second person N — (Gram) segunda persona f

    the second person singular/plural — la segunda persona del singular/plural

    • to have second sight — ser clarividente

    second string N — (esp US) (Sport) (=player) suplente mf ; (=team) equipo m de reserva


    II ['sekǝnd]
    1.
    N (in time, Geog, Math) segundo m

    • just a second!, half a second! * — ¡un momento!, ¡momentito! (esp LAm)

    • in a split second — en un instante, en un abrir y cerrar de ojos

    • it won't take a second — es cosa de un segundo, es un segundo nada más

    • at that very second — en ese mismo instante

    2.
    CPD

    second hand N — [of clock] segundero m

    * * *

    I ['sekənd]
    1)

    to give somebody a second chance — darle* a alguien otra oportunidad

    every second Tuesday/week — cada dos martes/semanas, martes/semana por medio (CS, Per)

    b) (in seniority, standing) segundo

    II
    a) (in position, time, order) en segundo lugar

    work comes second, family first — la familia está antes que el trabajo

    b) ( secondly) en segundo lugar

    III
    1)
    a) ( of time) segundo m; (before n)
    b) ( moment) segundo m

    it doesn't take a second — no lleva ni un segundo, es cosa de un segundo

    2)
    a) second (gear) ( Auto) (no art) segunda f

    he finished a good/poor second — quedó en un honroso/deslucido segundo lugar

    c) (BrE Educ)

    upper/lower second — segunda y tercera nota de la escala de calificaciones de un título universitario

    3) (in boxing, wrestling) segundo m; ( in dueling) padrino m
    4) ( substandard product) artículo m con defectos de fábrica
    5) seconds pl ( second helping) (colloq)

    to have seconds — repetir*, repetirse* (Chi)


    IV
    1) ( support) \<\<motion/candidate\>\> secundar
    2) [sɪ'kɒnd] ( attach) (BrE)

    English-spanish dictionary > second

  • 11 second

    ̈ɪˈsekənd I
    1. сущ.
    1) а) помощник;
    следующий по рангу second in command ≈ заместитель командира б) полигр. помощник наборщика
    2) а) спорт вице-чемпион;
    получивший второй приз, вторую премию;
    пришедший вторым б) альпинист, идущий вторым в связке
    3) грам. второе лицо( сокр. от second person)
    3) универ. вторая, не высшая оценка
    4) второй класс( в различных видах транспорта)
    5) секундант
    6) второе число
    7) мн. товар второго сорта, низшего качества;
    мука грубого помола These stockings are seconds and have some slight defects. ≈ Эти чулки второго сорта и имеют незначительные дефекты.
    8) муз. а) второй голос;
    альт б) секунда (один из самых коротких музыкальных интервалов)
    2. прил.
    1) а) второй (идущий по счету после первого) He stood second in line. ≈ Он был вторым в шеренге. on second thoughts ≈ по зрелом размышлении б) второстепенный;
    второсортный (занимающий второе место по важности или качеству) second violin, second fiddle ≈ вторая скрипка
    2) а) каждый второй( о цикличности во времени) to elect smb. every second year ≈ избирать кого-л. через каждые два года Syn: alternate
    2., other
    1. б) второй, очень похожий He is the second Napoleon. ≈ Да он же просто второй Наполеон!
    3) подчиненный, ниже по званию, находящийся ниже (в какой-л. иерархии) to be second to none ≈ никому не подчиняться Syn: inferior
    2., subordinate
    1.
    4) повторный;
    вторичный second advent, second coming ≈ второе пришествие Syn: repeated, recurring
    5) дополнительный, добавочный Syn: extra, additional ∙ at second hand ≈ из вторых рук second sight ≈ ясновидение second teeth ≈ постоянные (не молочные) зубы second to none ≈ непревзойденный second chamber ≈ верхняя палата( парламента)
    3. гл.
    1) а) поддерживать, помогать to second one's efforts ≈ поддерживать кого-л. в каких-л. усилиях, начинаниях Syn: support
    2., back up, assist, encourage б) подпевать;
    петь вторым голосом, исполнять партию второго голоса
    2) одобрить, оказать поддержку (в споре, дискуссии и т.д.) Mrs. Charlton instantly seconded the proposal. ≈ Миссис Чарльтон тот час же одобрила предложение.
    3) быть секундантом
    4) воен. откомандировывать The officer was seconded to another branch of the army to lead special training courses. ≈ Офицера откомандировали в другое подразделение армии для того, чтобы он прошел курс специальной подготовки.
    4. нареч.
    1) во-вторых
    2) вторым номером;
    во второй группе to come second ≈ финишировать со вторым результатом II сущ.
    1) секунда (1/60 часть минуты)
    2) мгновение, миг, минута, момент (очень короткий промежуток времени) Just a moment, please. ≈ Одну минуточку, подождите, пожалуйста. Syn: moment, instant секунда (мера времени) - 60 *s make one minute в минуте 60 секунд секунда (мера угла) - ten degrees fifteen *s десять градусов пятнадцать секунд мгновение, момент - split * доля секунды - in a split * моментально;
    моргнуть не успеешь - wait a *!, half a *! (подождите) минутку! - to do smth. in a few *s моментально сделать что-л. - I shall be ready in a * /in a few *s/ я буду готов сию минуту - I cannot do without it for a * мне это нужно ежесекундно (the *) второе (число) - on the * of May второго мая второй (человек) (который что-л. делает) - you are the * to ask me that вы второй человек, который спрашивает меня об этом - you are the * to jump вы будете прыгать вторым помощник - to act as a most useful * быть хорошим помощником во всем;
    быть (чьей-л.) правой рукой получивший вторую премию, второй приз и т. п. - to come in a good *, to be a good * прийти( к финишу) почти вместе с первым - to come in a close * to X. лишь ненамного отстать от Х. - to make a poor * in a race еле-еле прийти к финишу вторым секундант (на дуэли) секундант (бокс) - *s out! освободить ринг! (команда) второй класс( какого-л. транспорта) - I always travel * я всегда путешествую вторым классом товар второго сорта, второсортная продукция мука грубого помола (разговорное) вторая порция( еды) второе (блюдо) (автомобильное) (разговорное) вторая передача - he shifted into * он включил /перешел на/ вторую скорость альпинист, идущий вторым (в связке) (музыкальное) секунда (интервал) - major * большая секунда вторая (университетское) (разговорное) степень бакалавра с отличием второго класса( в Великобритании) > * of exchange( финансовое) второй экземпляр переводного векселя, секунда второй ( по счету) - * deck вторая /(амер) средняя/ палуба - * raceme (ботаника) ветвь второго порядка - * person (грамматика) второе лицо - * conjugation( грамматика) второе спряжение - Henry the S. Генрих II - he is in his * year ему второй год - in the * place во-вторых - the * finger of the right hand средний палец на правой руке второй (по времени) - to go by the * train ехать следующим поездом - the * person to swim the Channel второй человек, переплывший Ла-Манш второй, дополнительный, добавочный - * cause побочная причина - * legs вторая пара ног (у насекомых) второй, повторный - * notice повторное извещение - * (galley) proof вторая корректура( в гранках) - every * day каждый второй день;
    через день - to do smth. a * time делать что-л. снова /второй раз/ - to stay in a form for a * year остаться на второй год - they elect a mayor every * year они выбирают мэра каждые два года второстепенный, подчиненный - to be * to the project иметь второстепенное значение для данного проекта - * to the might of this country уступающий по моще этой стране - music comes * with him для него музыка не самое главное в жизни другой, второй - a * pair of shoes другая пара обуви - I want a * opinion я хотел бы услышать другое /еще одно/ мнение еще один, подобный - he is a * Shakespeare он второй Шекспир - * self второе "я" дополнительный;
    запасный, запасной - * team (спортивное) вторая команда уступающий (в чем-л.) - to be * to smb. in experience уступать кому-л. по опыту - to be * in seniority быть вторым по старшинству - to be * to smb. in precedence по рангу идти вслед за кем-л. - * in hardness only to the diamond уступающий в твердости только алмазу - * to none непревзойденный - in intelligence he is * to none по уму с ним никто не сравнится, по уму он никому не уступит - we are in a position * to none to... наше положение в отношении... ни с чем не сравнимо - * only to... уступающий (в чем-л.) только... второсортный - articles of * quality товары второго сорта - * cabin каюта второго класса вспомогательный - * master помощник учителя (в школе) второй (по величине, значению и т. п.) - the * city in Europe второй город в Европе - the * largest city in the world второй по величине город в мире - * violin /fiddle/ вторая скрипка( в оркестре) > * name (американизм) фамилия;
    второе имя (данное при крещении) > * line (военное) тыловая позиция;
    тыловая полоса > to play * fiddle играть вторую скрипку, быть на вторых ролях > * birth второе рождение, возрождение;
    (религия) духовное возрождение;
    (религия) загробная жизнь > * guess задним умом крепок > the * time of asking( церковное) вторичное оглашение имен вступающих в брак во-вторых вторым номером;
    во второй группе;
    вторым - to speak * выступать вторым - to come in /to finish/ * прийти вторым, занять второе место (на скачках, в соревновании) выступать в поддержку (предложения, резолюции и т. п.) - to * a motion поддержать резолюцию быть секундантом на дуэли или в боксе (книжное) поддерживать, помогать - to * smb.'s efforts поддерживать чьи-л. усилия - will you * me? вы меня поддержите? - to * words with deeds подкреплять слова делами - to be *ed by smb. получить поддержку с чьей-л. стороны( военное) временно откомандировывать - to be *ed for service on the General Staff быть откомандированным в ставку - major Smith has been *ed to us майор Смит прикомандирован к нам characters per ~, cps вчт. число знаков в секунду characters per ~, cps вчт. число знаков в секунду every ~ каждый второй ~ второй класс (в поезде, на пароходе и т. п.) ;
    to go second ехать вторым классом ~ получивший второй приз, вторую премию;
    he was a good second он пришел к финишу почти вместе с первым ~ второй, другой;
    second thoughts пересмотр мнения, решения;
    on second thoughts по зрелом размышлении ~ поддерживать, помогать;
    to second a motion поддержать предложение ~ повторный;
    вторичный;
    second ballot перебаллотировка;
    second advent( или coming) рел. второе пришествие ~ повторный;
    вторичный;
    second ballot перебаллотировка;
    second advent( или coming) рел. второе пришествие ~ второстепенный;
    второсортный, уступающий (по качеству) (to) ;
    second cabin каюта второго класса;
    second violin (или fiddle) вторая скрипка ~ ~ ясновидение;
    second to none непревзойденный;
    second chamber верхняя палата( парламента) ~ division вторая (средняя) степень тюремного заключения (в Англии) ;
    second teeth постоянные (не молочные) зубы;
    at second hand из вторых рук ~ division низший разряд государственных служащих ~ помощник;
    следующий по рангу;
    second in command воен. заместитель командира ~ lieutenant младший лейтенант;
    the second officer( on a ship) второй помощник капитана ~ of exchange второй экземпляр тратты ~ lieutenant младший лейтенант;
    the second officer( on a ship) второй помощник капитана ~ дополнительный;
    a second pair of shoes сменная пара обуви ~ num. ord. второй;
    the second seat in the second row второе кресло во втором ряду ~ ~ ясновидение;
    second to none непревзойденный;
    second chamber верхняя палата (парламента) ~ division вторая (средняя) степень тюремного заключения (в Англии) ;
    second teeth постоянные (не молочные) зубы;
    at second hand из вторых рук ~ второй, другой;
    second thoughts пересмотр мнения, решения;
    on second thoughts по зрелом размышлении ~ ~ ясновидение;
    second to none непревзойденный;
    second chamber верхняя палата (парламента) ~ второстепенный;
    второсортный, уступающий (по качеству) (to) ;
    second cabin каюта второго класса;
    second violin (или fiddle) вторая скрипка ~ подкреплять;
    to second words with deeds подкреплять слова делами these stockings are seconds and have some slight defects эти чулки второго сорта и имеют незначительные дефекты ~ секунда;
    момент, мгновение;
    wait a second сейчас;
    подождите минутку

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > second

  • 12 second

    Ⅰ.
    second1 ['sekənd]
    seconde ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (f), 1 (h) second ⇒ 1 (d), 2 (a), 2 (b) deuxième ⇒ 1 (d), 2 (a), 2 (b) en seconde place ⇒ 3 (a) deuxièmement ⇒ 3 (c)
    1 noun
    (a) (unit of time) seconde f;
    ∎ the ambulance arrived within seconds l'ambulance est arrivée en quelques secondes
    (b) (instant) seconde f, instant m;
    ∎ I'll be with you in a second je serai à vous dans un instant;
    ∎ I'll only be a second j'en ai seulement pour deux secondes;
    ∎ just a or half a second! une seconde!
    (c) Mathematics & Astronomy seconde f
    (d) (in order) second(e) m,f, deuxième mf;
    ∎ I was the second to arrive je suis arrivé deuxième ou le deuxième;
    ∎ to come a close second (in race) être battu de justesse
    (e) (in duel) témoin m, second m; (in boxing) soigneur m;
    ∎ seconds out! soigneurs hors du ring!
    (f) Cars seconde f;
    ∎ in second en seconde
    ∎ an upper/lower second une licence avec mention bien/assez bien
    (h) Music seconde f;
    ∎ major/minor second seconde f majeure/mineure
    (a) (in series) deuxième; (of two) second;
    ∎ every second person une personne sur deux;
    ∎ Charles the Second Charles Deux ou II;
    ∎ the second of March le deux mars;
    ∎ for the second time pour la deuxième fois;
    ∎ to be second in command (in hierarchy) être deuxième dans la hiérarchie; Military commander en second;
    ∎ he's second in line for promotion il sera le second à bénéficier d'une promotion;
    ∎ he's second in line for the throne c'est le deuxième dans l'ordre de succession au trône;
    ∎ Grammar in the second person singular/plural à la deuxième personne du singulier/pluriel;
    ∎ to take second place (in race) prendre la deuxième place; (in exam) être deuxième;
    ∎ his wife took second place to his career sa femme venait après sa carrière;
    ∎ and in the second place… (in demonstration, argument) et en deuxième lieu…;
    ∎ it's second nature to her c'est une seconde nature chez elle;
    ∎ he's second only to his teacher as a violinist en tant que violoniste, il n'y a que son professeur qui le surpasse ou qui lui soit supérieur;
    ∎ as a goalkeeper, he's second to none comme gardien de but, il n'a pas son pareil;
    ∎ her short stories are second to none ses nouvelles sont inégalées ou sans pareil
    (b) (another, additional) deuxième, second, autre;
    ∎ a second Camus/Churchill un nouveau Camus/Churchill;
    ∎ he was given a second chance (in life) on lui a accordé une seconde chance (dans la vie);
    ∎ you are unlikely to get a second chance to join the team il est peu probable que l'on vous propose à nouveau de faire partie de l'équipe;
    ∎ to take a second helping se resservir;
    ∎ would you like a second helping/a second cup? en reprendrez-vous (un peu/une goutte)?;
    ∎ can I have a second helping of meat? est-ce que je peux reprendre de la viande?;
    ∎ they have a second home in France ils ont une résidence secondaire en France;
    ∎ France is my second home la France est ma seconde patrie;
    ∎ I'd like a second opinion (said by doctor) je voudrais prendre l'avis d'un confrère; (said by patient) je voudrais consulter un autre médecin;
    ∎ I need a second opinion on these results j'aimerais avoir l'avis d'un tiers sur ces résultats;
    ∎ to have second thoughts avoir des doutes, hésiter;
    ∎ are you having second thoughts? est-ce que vous hésitez?;
    ∎ he left his family without a second thought il a quitté sa famille sans réfléchir ou sans se poser de questions;
    ∎ on second British thoughts or American thought I'd better go myself réflexion faite, il vaut mieux que j'y aille moi-même
    (a) (in order) en seconde place;
    ∎ to come second (in race) arriver en seconde position;
    ∎ she arrived second (at party, meeting) elle est arrivée la deuxième;
    ∎ the horse came second to Juniper's Lad le cheval s'est classé deuxième derrière Juniper's Lad
    ∎ he's the second oldest player in the team après le doyen de l'équipe c'est lui le plus vieux;
    ∎ the second largest/second richest le second par la taille/second par le revenu;
    ∎ the second largest city in the world/in Portugal la deuxième ville du monde/du Portugal
    (c) (secondly) en second lieu, deuxièmement
    (motion) appuyer; (speaker) appuyer la motion de;
    ∎ I'll second that! je suis d'accord!
    (a) Commerce (goods) articles mpl de second choix; (crockery) vaisselle f de second choix
    ∎ are there any seconds? il y a du rab?
    ►► second ballot deuxième tour m;
    second base (in baseball) deuxième base f;
    1 noun
    pis-aller m inv;
    ∎ I refuse to make do with second best je refuse de me contenter d'un pis-aller;
    ∎ she knew she would never be more than second best (in person's affection) elle savait qu'elle ne serait jamais plus qu'un second choix; (athlete) elle savait qu'elle serait toujours deuxième
    ∎ to come off second best être battu, se faire battre;
    Politics second chamber (gen) deuxième chambre f; (in UK) Chambre f des lords; (in US) Sénat m;
    second childhood gâtisme m, seconde enfance f;
    ∎ he's in his second childhood il est retombé en enfance;
    Railways second class seconde f (classe f);
    Religion the Second Coming le second avènement du Messie;
    second cousin cousin(e) m,f issu(e) de germains;
    British second eleven (in soccer, cricket) équipe f de réserve (dans le cadre scolaire ou amateur);
    second floor (in UK) deuxième étage m; (in US) premier étage m;
    Cars second gear seconde f;
    American School second grade = classe de primaire pour les 6-7 ans;
    Sport second half deuxième mi-temps f inv;
    second hand (of watch, clock) aiguille f des secondes, trotteuse f;
    second language deuxième langue f;
    Journalism second lead gros titre m de deuxième ordre;
    second lieutenant (in army) ≃ sous-lieutenant m; Belgian & Swiss ≃ lieutenant m; (in air force) ≃ sous-lieutenant m;
    second name nom m de famille;
    Nautical second officer (officier m en) second m;
    second row (in rugby) deuxième ligne f;
    second showing deuxième représentation f;
    second sight seconde ou double vue f;
    ∎ to have second sight avoir un don de double vue;
    Military second strike seconde frappe f, deuxième frappe f;
    Sport second team équipe f de réserve;
    second teeth deuxième dentition f, dentition f définitive;
    Music second violin deuxième violon m
    Ⅱ.
    second2 [sɪ'kɒnd]
    British (employee) détacher, envoyer en détachement; Military détacher;
    ∎ she was seconded to the UN elle a été détachée à l'ONU;
    ∎ Peter was seconded for service abroad Peter a été envoyé en détachement à l'étranger

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > second

  • 13 second to none

    никем не превзойдённый [этим. лат. nulli secundus]

    Merchant: "How is the man esteem'd here in the city?" Angelo: "Of very reverend reputation, sir, Of credit infinite, highly belov'd, Second to none that lives here in the city... " (W. Shakespeare, ‘The Comedy of Errors’, act V, sc. 1) — Купец: "Какое о нем мнение здесь, в городе?" Анджело: "Он здесь в большой чести, Везде кредит имеет безграничный, Снискал любовь всеобщую и был Всегда у нас он первым гражданином... " (перевод П. Вейнберга)

    The entertainment, moreover, was excellent - Val Pinkerton's Troupe had a reputation second to none upon that seabeach... (A. J. Cronin, ‘Three Loves’, book II, ch. 18) — Это было великолепное представление. Труппа Вэла Пинкертона считалась лучшей на побережье.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > second to none

  • 14 second largest city in the world

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > second largest city in the world

  • 15 Oporto, City of

       Known as Porto in Portuguese, it is the second largest city after Lisbon and a major commercial-industrial center of northern Portugal, as well as the outlet of the port wine industry. The capital of Oporto district, it is also "capital of the north," in effect. The current population of the city is approximately 240,000, with that of Greater Oporto over 2 million. Oporto lies on the right (north) bank of the Douro River, about three kilometers (two miles) from its mouth. Its harbor is Leixões. Several bridges connect the city to the south bank, including the famous Eiffel Bridge, built in the 19th century by the A. Gustave Eiffel, builder of the Eiffel Tower of Paris. Among the notable historic buildings are many churches, a Gothic medieval cathedral, a bishop's palace, and the Tower of the Clérigos. There are also interesting museums and libraries. Oporto's economy has been dominated for three centuries by the port wine shippers and industry; the wine, in fact, is named after the city itself. In recent decades, however, the local economy has become diversified, and industry and manufacturing have begun to surpass port wine in importance.
       The city of Oporto, proud of its hard-working reputation and its preeminence, has an ancient rivalry with the capital, Lisbon. Since 1820, when the first liberal, constitutional movement burst forth in Oporto, the city has often anticipated Lisbon in supporting liberal political causes. Other cases occurred in the 19th century, including the January 1891 republican revolt at Oporto, and in the 20th century, Oporto's fervent support of the presidential candidacy of the ill-fated general Humberto Delgado in 1958. It is noteworthy, too, that one of the most enduring critics of the Estado Novo in its middle and late years (1940s-1960s) was a bishop of Oporto, who was exiled and penalized by the regime.
       Whether it is in soccer ( futebol), liberal causes, hard work, or politics, Oporto and its inhabitants nurse a fierce local pride and claim superiority over Lisbon. In Portuguese tradition, Oporto residents are known as "tripe-eaters" ( tripeiros), as opposed to Lisbon residents, known as "lettuce-eaters" ( alfaçinhas). Despite Lisbon's dominance of the print media, starting in the 19th century, the city of Oporto has supported some of the country's more important daily newspapers.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Oporto, City of

  • 16 split second

    доля секунды, миг, мгновение

    ‘You're a madman, Johnny Fortune! I can't trust you a split second. I must never let you out of my sight in future.’ (C. MacInnes, ‘City of Spades’, ‘First Intertude’) — Ты просто сумасшедший, Джонни Форчун. Тебя и на секунду нельзя выпустить из виду. Теперь я буду следить за каждым твоим шагом.

    To thaw the frost of this rebuke, he smiled for a split second, then waved Mr. Bunting away with his pen. (R. Greenwood, ‘Mr. Bunting at War’, ch. I) — Желая смягчить суровость своих слов мистер Бикертон улыбнулся мимолетной улыбкой, потом отпустил мистера Бантинга, показав пером в сторону двери.

    It's amazing what you can see in a split second. (S. Chaplin, ‘The Day of the Sardine’, ch. VIII) — Удивительно, чего только не увидишь иногда в сотую долю секунды.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > split second

  • 17 the second largest city

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the second largest city

  • 18 the second largest city in the world

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the second largest city in the world

  • 19 the second largest city

    English-Russian architecture dictionary > the second largest city

  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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